Neurotransmitters are chemicals that help in transmitting signals across a synapse.
Different neurotransmitters are associated with different functions.
Knowledge about these helps us to treat various neurological conditions by either stimulating or inhibiting these production.
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Pinna (auricle) - visible part of the ear outside of the head.
External auditory canal
Ceruminous glands - specialized sudoriferous glands (sweat glands) located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal. They produce cerumen (earwax) by mixing their secretion with sebum and dead epidermal cells.
Middle ear: air filled
Tympanic membrane -
vibrates in response to sound waves
Malleus, incus and stapes - 3 small bones that transmit vibrations to each other
Inner ear: fluid filled
Mechanoreceptor for
hearing and balance
Vesibular apparatus - balance
Semicircular canals
Cochlea
• Organ of Cor -
sensory epithelial cell
Cochlea
Perilymph = similar
in compositon to
plasma – Na+
Endolymph = high in
K+
Organ of Cor:
contains hair cells
– move due to
pressure waves
50-100 stereocilia
on each cell
Longest embedded
in tectorial
membrane
In the cochlea that the vibrations transmitted from the eardrum through the tiny bones are converted into electrical impulses sent along the auditory nerve to the brain.
The cochlea is a tapered tube which circles around itself
The basilar membrane divides the tube lengthwise into two fluid-filled canals joined at the tapered end.
ossicles transmit vibration to the cochlea where they attach at the oval window
resultant waves travel down the basilar membrane where they are “sensed” by 16-20,000 hair cells (cilia) attached to it which poke up from a third canal called the organ of Corti.
Organ of Corti transforms the stimulated hair cells into nerve impulses
Waveforms travelling down the basilar membrane peak in amplitude at differing spots along the way according to their frequency
Higher frequencies peak out at a shorter distance down the tube than lower frequencies
The hair cells at that peak point give a sense of that particular frequency
The distance between pitches follows the same logarithmic distance as our perception of pitch i.e. the placement of octaves are equidistant.
Anatomía del oído.
Es en el único lugar donde contamos con un ombligo. ( específicamente en la membrana timpánica)
El que conocemos comúnmente como ombligo ( en nuestro abdomen ) es realmente llamado como “cicatriz umbilical”.